Glossary

L&D terms should help us make better decisions.

Use this glossary when a phrase is doing too much work in a meeting, request, review, report, or AI workflow. Each term includes what it means, where it shows up, what to inspect, and one move you can try.

How to use it

  1. Find the term someone is using as shorthand.
  2. Check where it shows up in the work.
  3. Use the quick move before adding a tool, course, report, or AI workflow.

Copy this when a request or review feels fuzzy.

This prompt is meant to slow the conversation down and turn broad language into something we can inspect.

Clarify the L&D system term

I am working through an L&D request, review, report, or workflow issue.

Term or phrase being used:
[paste the term]

Context:
[briefly describe the work, audience, requester, and current friction]

Help me clarify:
1. What this term probably means in this context.
2. What problem it might be hiding.
3. What I should inspect before choosing a solution.
4. One no-technology move I can try first.
5. One Microsoft 365 or Google Workspace move if I need to make it visible.
6. One AI-assisted move, with human review still required.

Do not treat AI output as final. Flag assumptions, missing source material, and decisions a human owner needs to make.

Use the term to find the next move.

Learning Operations

The operating habits behind intake, prioritization, ownership, governance, and repeatable L&D work.

Learning Operations

Learning Operations

Plain meaningThe operating layer behind L&D work: intake, prioritization, ownership, governance, platform decisions, content maintenance, measurement habits, and repeatable routines.

Where it shows upThe learning team is busy, but requests, priorities, review paths, platform decisions, reporting definitions, and maintenance rules are hard to see or explain.

What to inspectLook for intake paths, status visibility, decision owners, repeated questions, LMS governance rules, review standards, evidence definitions, and maintenance triggers.

Try first

Pick one repeated L&D decision and write where it enters, who owns it, what standard applies, and where the decision is recorded.

Office or Workspace

Use a shared List, Sheet, Doc, or project board to make request status, owners, decisions, due dates, and review triggers visible.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to classify recent requests into intake, workflow, content, LMS, AI, measurement, or ownership issues, then have the team validate the categories.

Learning Operations

Decision Log

Plain meaningA shared record of decisions the team should not have to remake from memory.

Where it shows upThe same intake, LMS, content, review, reporting, or ownership question keeps coming back with different answers.

What to inspectLook for the decision, reason, owner, applies-to scope, date, status, and review trigger.

Try first

Write down the next repeated decision as soon as it is made, including the owner and when it should be revisited.

Office or Workspace

Use a Microsoft List, SharePoint page, Google Sheet, or Excel table with decision, owner, status, and review trigger.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to extract likely decisions from meeting notes or tickets, then have the owner confirm which decisions are real.

Learning Operations

Governance

Plain meaningThe rules, owners, decision rights, review habits, and maintenance routines that keep L&D work from becoming ad hoc.

Where it shows upWork quality depends on who remembers the rule, who asked, or who happens to be in the meeting.

What to inspectLook for who owns the decision, what standard applies, where the decision is recorded, and when it gets reviewed.

Try first

Pick one repeated decision and define the owner, rule, exception path, and review trigger.

Office or Workspace

Publish the rule in a shared page, List, Sheet, or decision log where the team already works.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to turn repeated questions into draft governance categories, then have owners approve the actual rule.

Learning Operations

Intake

Plain meaningThe first operating step where a request is clarified before the team accepts, redirects, pauses, or scopes the work.

Where it shows upA requester names a course, workshop, or asset before anyone names the behavior, audience, workflow, or evidence need.

What to inspectLook for audience, task, failure point, source material, constraints, evidence standard, decision owner, and tradeoffs.

Try first

Ask one question before accepting the request: what should someone be able to do that they cannot reliably do now?

Office or Workspace

Use Forms, Microsoft Lists, Sheets, or a simple intake table only after the triage conversation is clear.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to turn a rough request into clarifying questions and possible non-training causes for human review.

Learning Operations

Performance Problem

Plain meaningThe real gap in the work: what someone needs to do, where it breaks, and what would show the work improved.

Where it shows upThe request sounds like training, but the cause might be workflow, tooling, manager support, unclear expectations, or missing documentation.

What to inspectLook for the task, audience, work context, failure point, frequency, risk, current support, and evidence that the gap matters.

Try first

Rewrite the request as a task statement before choosing a format.

Office or Workspace

Use a shared intake worksheet or one-page brief to capture task, failure point, audience, and evidence standard.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to separate likely skill, knowledge, workflow, tool, manager, and measurement causes from the rough request.

Learning Operations

Scope

Plain meaningThe boundary around what this work will solve, what it will not solve, who it serves, and what evidence will show progress.

Where it shows upA request keeps expanding because no one named the audience, task, decision, evidence standard, or constraints early enough.

What to inspectLook for audience, task, source material, owner, timeline, evidence, dependencies, and explicit out-of-scope items.

Try first

Write one sentence: this work helps this audience do this task in this situation, and success looks like this.

Office or Workspace

Capture scope in a one-page Word, Docs, Sheet, or intake record before production starts.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft an in-scope and out-of-scope list from the request, then confirm it with the requester and owner.

Learning Operations

Workflow Issue

Plain meaningA problem in how the work is designed, handed off, owned, tooled, or reinforced, rather than a simple knowledge gap.

Where it shows upPeople know what to do in theory, but the process, tools, timing, ownership, or handoffs make correct performance hard.

What to inspectLook for the handoff, decision point, tool friction, unclear owner, missing standard, competing priorities, or policy confusion.

Try first

Ask where the work breaks before deciding whether training is the right fix.

Office or Workspace

Map the workflow in PowerPoint, Visio, Miro, Slides, or a simple table before creating a learning asset.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to separate possible knowledge gaps from workflow, tool, owner, timing, and measurement issues.

Content Systems

The structure that keeps learning assets scoped, reviewed, maintained, and useful after launch.

Content Systems

Content Deprecation

Plain meaningThe decision to retire, archive, redirect, or replace learning content that should no longer stay live as-is.

Where it shows upOld content stays published because nobody owns the retirement call or wants to risk removing something useful.

What to inspectLook for owner, audience, task, last reviewed date, source material, usage signal, risk, replacement path, and retirement trigger.

Try first

Pick one stale content area and label each item keep, revise, merge, archive, or confirm with owner.

Office or Workspace

Use a spreadsheet, SharePoint List, or Google Sheet with status, owner, last reviewed date, next action, and replacement link.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to summarize likely duplicates and stale items from approved titles and descriptions, then have owners confirm every decision.

Content Systems

Content Maintenance

Plain meaningThe routine for keeping learning content accurate, findable, owned, current, and connected to the work it supports.

Where it shows upThe team has a growing library, but nobody can tell which assets are current, duplicated, stale, high-risk, or ownerless.

What to inspectLook for content owner, task, audience, source of truth, review date, usage signal, and retirement trigger.

Try first

Add owner, task, last reviewed date, and next review trigger to one high-use content area.

Office or Workspace

Track maintenance in Microsoft Lists, Excel, SharePoint, Google Sheets, Airtable, or a project board.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft maintenance questions for each asset based on title, audience, task, and known source material.

Content Systems

Performance Support

Plain meaningHelp placed close to the work so people can perform a task without needing a full course first.

Where it shows upPeople need a checklist, job aid, decision guide, example, or search-friendly reference more than they need another long course.

What to inspectLook for the task, decision point, moment of need, risk, frequency, source of truth, and where people already look for help.

Try first

Turn one lesson or slide section into a task aid someone could use during the work.

Office or Workspace

Create a one-page job aid in Word, Docs, SharePoint, or a knowledge base and link it from the workflow.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to turn approved source material into a draft checklist or decision guide, then verify every step with the work owner.

Content Systems

SME Review

Plain meaningThe review process where subject experts confirm accuracy, workflow fit, risk, and decision needs without turning every comment into a rewrite.

Where it shows upReview comments mix facts, preferences, risk concerns, workflow changes, and approval calls in one overloaded step.

What to inspectLook for feedback type, owner, decision right, scope impact, timeline impact, and whether the comment is fact, workflow, preference, risk, or approval.

Try first

Label every review comment before responding to it.

Office or Workspace

Use Word comments, Google Docs comments, Lists, Sheets, or Excel with columns for feedback type, owner, decision, and status.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to group comments by feedback type and flag comments that change scope, but keep final decisions with the content owner.

Content Systems

Task-Based Learning

Plain meaningLearning organized around the real tasks people need to perform instead of broad topics, departments, or long workflow tours.

Where it shows upA course is long, but learners only need help with a few decisions, handoffs, exceptions, or repeated tasks.

What to inspectLook for the learner's role, task, moment of need, decision points, errors, source of truth, and practice opportunity.

Try first

Turn one broad course outline into a list of tasks a person actually performs.

Office or Workspace

Use a table in Word, Docs, Sheets, or Excel with task, audience, support type, source, and evidence.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to extract task candidates from an outline, then have the work owner confirm which tasks matter.

Content Systems

Job Aid

Plain meaningA short support resource used at the point of work, such as a checklist, decision tree, quick reference, or step guide.

Where it shows upPeople do not need a full course. They need help doing a task correctly in the workflow.

What to inspectLook for the task, moment of need, required decision, risk of error, and where the aid should live.

Try first

Turn one repeated question into a one-page checklist or decision guide.

Office or Workspace

Publish the aid in SharePoint, Teams, Google Drive, Sites, Word, Docs, or the knowledge base where people already work.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft a job aid from approved source material, then have the workflow owner check every step.

Content Systems

Risk Issue

Plain meaningA review concern that could create compliance, privacy, legal, accessibility, learner-impact, customer, or operational risk.

Where it shows upA reviewer comment is not just a preference or fact correction. It may affect whether the asset is safe to use.

What to inspectLook for sensitive data, policy claims, accessibility gaps, legal language, customer examples, workflow exceptions, and approval requirements.

Try first

Label the comment as a risk issue and name who has authority to approve or reject it.

Office or Workspace

Use a review tracker with comment type, risk type, decision owner, status, and approval date.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to flag possible risk categories in review comments, then have the right human owner validate the risk.

AI Workflows

The practical patterns for using AI with source checks, human review, and clear ownership.

AI Workflows

AI Review Gate

Plain meaningA required human check before AI-assisted work is used, shared, published, or treated as evidence.

Where it shows upAI output looks polished, but no one has checked source accuracy, privacy, risk, accessibility, tone, or fit for the learner.

What to inspectLook for the point where AI output leaves private drafting and enters shared work, SME review, learner-facing content, or leadership reporting.

Try first

Add one review gate to the workflow: who checks the output, what they check, and what cannot move forward without approval.

Office or Workspace

Use a Word checklist, Google Doc checklist, Planner task, or Microsoft List column to make the review gate visible.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft a review checklist for the specific asset, then have the accountable human remove anything irrelevant and add risk checks.

AI Workflows

AI Workflow Brief

Plain meaningA short operating brief that defines where AI helps, what source material is allowed, who reviews the output, and who owns the final decision.

Where it shows upPeople have access to AI tools, but each person uses them differently and the team has no shared standard.

What to inspectLook for allowed tasks, source boundaries, review owner, risk level, output format, and what the human still decides.

Try first

Choose one low-risk workflow and write the allowed AI tasks, not-allowed tasks, source rules, and review gate on one page.

Office or Workspace

Turn the brief into a shared Word or Google Doc template and link it from the team workspace.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to turn a rough workflow into a draft brief, then review every source, risk, and ownership statement before using it.

AI Workflows

Human Owner

Plain meaningThe person accountable for the final judgment, even when AI helps draft, classify, summarize, or inspect the work.

Where it shows upAI is used to produce work, but nobody can say who approved the output or who owns the risk.

What to inspectLook for the final decision owner, review criteria, source checks, publish criteria, and escalation path.

Try first

Add one owner line to the workflow: who signs off before this becomes learner-facing or decision-supporting work?

Office or Workspace

Add an owner and approval field in Lists, Planner, Sheets, or the project tracker.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to identify possible review risks, then assign each risk to a human reviewer before the work moves forward.

AI Workflows

Prompt Brief

Plain meaningThe context around a prompt: role, task, audience, source material, constraints, output format, review standard, and risk boundary.

Where it shows upThe prompt is short, the output is generic, and the person using AI has to keep explaining the same context again.

What to inspectLook for missing audience, task, source material, examples, constraints, output format, and review criteria.

Try first

Before writing the prompt, write the work brief: who is this for, what are we trying to do, and what source material is trusted?

Office or Workspace

Keep reusable prompt briefs in Word, Docs, SharePoint, or a team prompt library with owner and last reviewed date.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to turn a rough goal into a prompt brief, then add the real source material and review criteria before running the prompt.

AI Workflows

Source Material

Plain meaningThe approved documents, examples, data, policies, process notes, or expert input that a learning asset or AI workflow should rely on.

Where it shows upDrafts sound plausible, but reviewers cannot tell what information they were based on or whether the source is current.

What to inspectLook for source owner, last reviewed date, approved status, version, risk level, and whether the source can be shared with AI tools.

Try first

Create a source list before drafting: approved, needs review, missing, and do not use.

Office or Workspace

Keep source links in SharePoint, Google Drive, OneDrive, a project brief, or a content tracker with owner and status.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft from only the approved source list and require it to note where information is missing or uncertain.

AI Workflows

Context Window

Plain meaningThe amount of information an AI model can consider at one time. For L&D work, it affects how much source material, instruction, and conversation the model can use.

Where it shows upAn AI tool forgets earlier instructions, misses important source details, or gives a weaker answer because too much information was packed into one request.

What to inspectLook for how much source material you provided, whether the task is too broad, and whether the model has enough context to answer responsibly.

Try first

Break the work into smaller steps: source review, outline, draft, QA, and revision.

Office or Workspace

Keep a project brief in Word, Docs, SharePoint, or Drive so the important context is easy to paste or attach again.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to summarize the working context before continuing, then correct anything missing before moving to the next task.

AI Workflows

Grounding

Plain meaningGiving AI approved source material so its output is tied to the information you trust, instead of only relying on the model's general knowledge.

Where it shows upAI output sounds confident, but the team needs it to follow a specific policy, workflow, product, process, or source document.

What to inspectLook for whether the model had approved source material, whether the source was current, and whether the output clearly stays inside that source.

Try first

Attach or paste only the approved source material and tell AI to flag missing information instead of guessing.

Office or Workspace

Keep source links and source status in the project brief or content tracker.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to cite which source section supports each major point. Have a human check the source before using the output.

AI Workflows

Hallucination

Plain meaningA confident AI answer that is wrong, unsupported, invented, outdated, or not grounded in the source material.

Where it shows upAI gives a polished explanation, citation, process step, tool feature, policy detail, or example that has not been verified.

What to inspectLook for facts, links, numbers, product features, legal or compliance claims, process steps, and anything that would create risk if wrong.

Try first

Treat AI output as a draft until a human checks it against approved sources.

Office or Workspace

Add a validation checklist to your prompt brief, review checklist, or project tracker.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to mark uncertain claims and list what source would be needed to verify them, then check the source yourself.

AI Workflows

RAG

Plain meaningRetrieval-augmented generation. In plain terms, it means an AI system retrieves source material and uses it while answering.

Where it shows upA team wants AI answers to use approved documents, policies, knowledge-base articles, or process notes instead of only general model knowledge.

What to inspectLook for source quality, source access, retrieval accuracy, outdated documents, permission rules, and whether answers show their source.

Try first

Start by cleaning the source material before expecting better AI answers.

Office or Workspace

Create a source inventory with owner, status, approved use, last reviewed date, and access level.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to identify which source material is missing or unclear, then fix the source before expanding the workflow.

LMS Strategy

The decisions that make a learning platform easier to govern, report from, migrate, and trust.

LMS Strategy

LMS Governance

Plain meaningThe operating rules for how an LMS is structured, administered, reported from, cleaned up, migrated, and trusted.

Where it shows upReporting, permissions, catalog structure, content ownership, or admin decisions change depending on who is asked.

What to inspectLook for owner, decision rights, catalog rules, permission model, report definitions, integrations, testing, and review rhythm.

Try first

List the five LMS decisions your team repeats most often, then record the current owner and current rule for each one.

Office or Workspace

Use a decision log in Microsoft Lists, SharePoint, Excel, or Sheets to record LMS decisions and review triggers.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to group LMS tickets or meeting notes into repeated decision categories, then confirm the categories with the platform owner.

LMS Strategy

Reporting Definition

Plain meaningA clear statement of what a report means, what decision it supports, what data it uses, and what it cannot prove.

Where it shows upA leader asks for a report, but the team is not clear whether the report should show compliance, readiness, adoption, quality, or impact.

What to inspectLook for report question, audience, decision, filters, date logic, data source, owner, and known limits.

Try first

Before building the report, write the decision the report needs to support.

Office or Workspace

Create a report dictionary in Excel, Sheets, SharePoint, or a BI workspace with owner, field definitions, and limitations.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to turn a vague reporting request into report questions, likely fields, assumptions, and data limits for human review.

Measurement

Evidence that helps teams understand readiness, behavior, adoption, workflow impact, and value.

Measurement

Adoption Signal

Plain meaningA sign that people are using the workflow, tool, job aid, content, or support in the work itself.

Where it shows upA program looks complete in the LMS, but the team does not know whether people are using the new behavior or support.

What to inspectLook for usage of the support, manager observation, tool behavior, help-desk patterns, workflow data, or repeated questions after launch.

Try first

Pick one observable behavior that would show the support is being used, then decide how you can check it without building a new dashboard.

Office or Workspace

Use Forms, Sheets, Excel, or a shared scorecard to capture one manager observation and one workflow signal.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to suggest observable adoption signals from the task, audience, workflow, and available data. Validate the list with the work owner.

Measurement

Behavior Evidence

Plain meaningEvidence that someone can perform the target behavior in context, not just complete a learning activity.

Where it shows upA leader asks whether training worked and the team only has completions, attendance, or satisfaction data.

What to inspectLook for scenario performance, manager observation, work samples, quality checks, tool behavior, or workflow outcomes tied to the task.

Try first

Name the behavior first, then choose one realistic way to observe it before or shortly after launch.

Office or Workspace

Use a simple scorecard in Excel, Sheets, Forms, or Word to capture behavior criteria and reviewer notes.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft behavior criteria and sample observation questions from the task description. Keep the final criteria human-owned.

Measurement

Evidence Standard

Plain meaningThe level of evidence that is good enough to support the decision the team needs to make.

Where it shows upEveryone wants proof, but no one has defined what proof needs to answer or what evidence would change the decision.

What to inspectLook for the decision, audience, behavior, available signals, evidence limits, and what will happen if the evidence is weak.

Try first

Write the decision first: what will we do differently if the evidence shows this is working or not working?

Office or Workspace

Use a shared measurement plan in Word, Docs, Excel, or Sheets with decision, signal, source, owner, and limit.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to suggest evidence options by strength and effort, then choose the smallest credible signal with a human owner.

Measurement

Readiness

Plain meaningEvidence that someone is prepared to perform the task before they are left to do it in live work.

Where it shows upThe team wants people ready for a role, workflow, launch, migration, or high-risk task, but only tracks completion.

What to inspectLook for scenario performance, practice quality, coaching notes, confidence limits, manager checks, and errors before live work.

Try first

Add one realistic scenario or practice check before declaring the learner ready.

Office or Workspace

Use Forms, Excel, Sheets, or a shared scorecard to capture scenario criteria and reviewer notes.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft realistic scenarios and scoring criteria from approved workflow material, then have the work owner validate them.

Measurement

Workflow Impact

Plain meaningThe effect learning support may have on the work process, such as fewer corrections, faster handoffs, cleaner first-pass work, or reduced rework.

Where it shows upThe team wants to connect learning to business value without pretending completions prove operational impact by themselves.

What to inspectLook for the workflow step, current friction, error pattern, rework, time delay, manager correction, support usage, and available data.

Try first

Pick one workflow signal that could plausibly move if the support helps.

Office or Workspace

Track before-and-after observations in Excel, Sheets, Forms, Power BI, or Looker Studio with clear limits stated.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to suggest possible workflow signals and evidence limits from the task and context, then choose the smallest credible measure.

Measurement

Kirkpatrick

Plain meaningA common training evaluation model that looks at reaction, learning, behavior, and results.

Where it shows upA team wants to evaluate a program but is not sure whether it is measuring satisfaction, knowledge, behavior, or business impact.

What to inspectLook for which level the evidence actually supports and whether the program has enough manager, workflow, or performance data to go beyond reaction and completion.

Try first

Label your current evidence by level before claiming what the training proved.

Office or Workspace

Use a scorecard in Excel, Sheets, Power BI, or Looker Studio that separates reaction, readiness, behavior, adoption, and workflow signals.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to sort proposed evidence by evaluation level and flag where the claim is stronger than the data.

Measurement

LTEM

Plain meaningThe Learning-Transfer Evaluation Model, a practical way to think about whether learning evidence shows attendance, knowledge, decision-making, behavior, transfer, or results.

Where it shows upA team wants stronger evidence than completions and needs a better language for readiness, behavior, and transfer.

What to inspectLook for whether the evidence shows participation, learner opinion, knowledge, decision-making, task performance, transfer to work, or organizational effects.

Try first

Choose one evidence level above completion that you can realistically check in the next two weeks.

Office or Workspace

Use Forms plus a shared scorecard to collect one practice signal and one manager observation.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to suggest evidence options across LTEM-style levels, then cut anything you cannot realistically collect or validate.

Measurement

ROI

Plain meaningReturn on investment. In L&D, it usually means comparing the financial value of an outcome against the cost of the learning effort.

Where it shows upA leader asks whether training paid off, but the team may not have enough source data to isolate training from manager support, workflow changes, tooling, timing, or other business factors.

What to inspectLook for the decision being made, the costs included, the outcome data available, and whether the learning effort can reasonably be treated as a contributor rather than the only cause.

Try first

Before calculating ROI, write what evidence you have, what evidence is missing, and what other factors may have contributed to the result.

Office or Workspace

Use Excel, Sheets, or Power BI to separate cost, participation, readiness, behavior, workflow, and business-result signals before turning them into one number.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to identify what an ROI claim would need to prove, then verify every assumption against approved source data before sharing anything.

Measurement

Rubric

Plain meaningA scoring guide that describes what good, partial, and weak performance look like for a task or scenario.

Where it shows upThe team needs consistent practice scoring, role-play feedback, manager observation, or quality review.

What to inspectLook for the task, criteria, observable behaviors, scoring levels, and who will use the rubric.

Try first

Write three criteria for one task: accurate, complete, and usable in the workflow.

Office or Workspace

Use Forms, Excel, Sheets, or a shared document to score practice and capture notes consistently.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft rubric criteria from the task and evidence standard, then have a human owner test the rubric on real examples.

Plain meaningAn assessment that compares performance against a defined standard instead of comparing learners to each other.

Where it shows upThe team needs to know whether someone can meet a work standard, not who scored highest.

What to inspectLook for the performance standard, scoring criteria, evidence, and decision the assessment supports.

Try first

Write the minimum acceptable performance standard before writing the assessment items.

Office or Workspace

Use a shared rubric in Excel, Sheets, Forms, or Docs so reviewers score against the same standard.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft criteria and example performance levels, then test them against real work samples.

Measurement

Manager Feedback

Plain meaningEvidence from managers about whether people are applying a skill, behavior, workflow, or support in the real work.

Where it shows upThe team needs a signal beyond completion data and managers are close enough to observe the behavior.

What to inspectLook for the behavior managers can observe, the question they can answer, and how the team will avoid vague opinion data.

Try first

Ask managers one specific observation question tied to the target behavior.

Office or Workspace

Use Forms, Sheets, Excel, or a shared scorecard to capture manager observations after practice or live work.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft behavior-specific manager observation questions, then edit out anything vague or hard to observe.

Instructional Design

Core design language for analysis, objectives, practice, evaluation, and building learning that supports real work.

Instructional Design

ADDIE

Plain meaningA common instructional design model: analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate. It is a planning structure, not a guarantee that the learning will work.

Where it shows upA team needs a shared language for moving from problem analysis to design, build, launch, and evaluation.

What to inspectLook for whether analysis is strong enough before design starts, whether evaluation is planned early, and whether the process is flexible enough for the actual work.

Try first

Use ADDIE as a checklist, then ask what evidence, practice, and workflow context are missing.

Office or Workspace

Create a one-page ADDIE project tracker in Word, Excel, Sheets, Planner, or a project board with owner and status for each phase.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to map a rough project into ADDIE phases and identify missing decisions. Have the project owner confirm the plan.

Instructional Design

Analysis

Plain meaningThe work of understanding the audience, task, performance gap, context, constraints, and evidence need before designing a learning solution.

Where it shows upA request jumps straight to a course or workshop before anyone has named what needs to change in the work.

What to inspectLook for audience, task, current behavior, desired behavior, blockers, source material, manager expectations, and how success will be judged.

Try first

Ask what people should do differently after the support exists, then write the answer in one plain sentence.

Office or Workspace

Use the intake worksheet in a shared document or form so the analysis does not live only in a meeting conversation.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft analysis questions for the audience, task, workflow, and evidence need. Use the questions to guide a human conversation.

Instructional Design

Cognitive Load

Plain meaningThe mental effort a learner has to spend to understand, remember, decide, and act. Too much load makes learning harder to use.

Where it shows upA course, job aid, or workflow explanation feels crowded, hard to follow, or full of details that do not help the task.

What to inspectLook for unnecessary information, unclear sequence, too many choices, weak examples, long screens, and missing practice.

Try first

Remove one piece of information that does not help the learner make the next decision or perform the task.

Office or Workspace

Use a review checklist in Word or Docs to mark must-know, useful-later, and remove-or-link content.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to identify where a draft may overload a new learner, then have a human reviewer confirm what to remove or move.

Instructional Design

Evaluation

Plain meaningThe process of checking whether the learning support helped with the decision, readiness, behavior, adoption, or workflow issue it was meant to address.

Where it shows upThe team launches content and then tries to decide later what success should have meant.

What to inspectLook for the decision, behavior, readiness check, adoption signal, manager observation, workflow impact, and limits of the evidence.

Try first

Write the evaluation question before launch.

Office or Workspace

Use a measurement worksheet, simple scorecard, Forms survey, or spreadsheet to capture the evidence you can realistically use.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to suggest evaluation questions and evidence limits, then choose the smallest credible plan with the work owner.

Instructional Design

Instructional Design

Plain meaningThe practice of designing learning support so people can understand, practice, remember, and use something in the real work.

Where it shows upA team needs more than information transfer and has to decide what learners should do, practice, apply, and prove.

What to inspectLook for the audience, task, learning objective, practice, feedback, accessibility, source material, and evidence of readiness.

Try first

Write the task first, then decide what instruction, practice, and support are needed.

Office or Workspace

Use a design brief in Word, Docs, or a shared project space to connect audience, task, objective, practice, and evidence.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to critique a draft for task clarity, practice quality, and missing feedback, then have an instructional designer decide what to change.

Instructional Design

Learning Objective

Plain meaningA clear statement of what a learner should be able to do after the learning support, usually tied to a task, decision, or performance expectation.

Where it shows upThe content has topics, but it is not clear what learners should be able to do with them.

What to inspectLook for action verb, audience, task, conditions, standard, and how the objective connects to practice or evidence.

Try first

Rewrite one topic heading as a task someone can perform.

Office or Workspace

Use a simple objective table in Word, Docs, Sheets, or Excel with objective, practice, assessment, and evidence.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft objective options from the task and audience, then choose the version that best matches the real work.

Instructional Design

Needs Analysis

Plain meaningThe work of figuring out what people need, what is getting in the way, and whether learning is the right response.

Where it shows upA leader or requester asks for training, but the team has not confirmed the real gap or the right kind of support.

What to inspectLook for performance gap, audience, task, context, existing support, non-training causes, urgency, risk, and evidence.

Try first

Ask what people are doing now, what they need to do instead, and why the gap exists.

Office or Workspace

Use an intake worksheet or discovery interview guide in Word, Docs, Forms, Sheets, or Excel.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft discovery questions and possible non-training causes from the request, then use those questions with the requester.

Instructional Design

Bloom's Taxonomy

Plain meaningA way to talk about the level of thinking or performance a learning objective is asking for, from remembering to creating.

Where it shows upObjectives sound too vague, practice does not match the task, or a course asks people to remember something they actually need to perform.

What to inspectLook at the verb in the objective, the practice activity, and the work task. They should match the level of performance needed.

Try first

Rewrite one weak objective with a verb someone could observe in the work.

Office or Workspace

Use a shared table in Word, Docs, Excel, or Sheets with objective, task, practice, and evidence columns.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to flag objectives where the verb, practice, and work task do not match, then review the suggestions yourself.

Instructional Design

Competency

Plain meaningA named capability someone needs to perform a role, usually combining knowledge, skill, judgment, and behavior.

Where it shows upA team is designing role paths, onboarding, promotion criteria, coaching, or skill development.

What to inspectLook for the role, task, observable behavior, evidence, and manager expectation behind the competency.

Try first

Write one competency as an observable work behavior instead of a broad trait.

Office or Workspace

Use Excel, Sheets, or Lists to map competency, task, evidence, content, practice, and manager observation.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to turn broad capability language into observable behaviors and evidence options, then validate with role owners.

Instructional Design

Skills Taxonomy

Plain meaningA structured list of skills and related terms that helps teams organize roles, learning paths, content, and measurement.

Where it shows upA team wants skill paths, recommendations, career architecture, or cleaner content tagging.

What to inspectLook for duplicated skill names, unclear levels, missing role context, and whether skills connect to real tasks.

Try first

Start with one role and ten real tasks before building a large skill dictionary.

Office or Workspace

Use a spreadsheet with role, task, skill, level, evidence, content, and owner columns.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to cluster tasks into possible skills, then have role experts clean up the names and levels.

Instructional Design

Formative Assessment

Plain meaningA check used during learning or practice to help people improve before the final performance or decision point.

Where it shows upLearners need practice, feedback, and correction before they do the work live.

What to inspectLook for where learners can try the task, get feedback, and adjust before the stakes are higher.

Try first

Add one low-stakes practice question or scenario before the final check.

Office or Workspace

Use Forms, quizzes, Docs, or a shared worksheet to collect practice responses and feedback.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft practice scenarios and feedback prompts from approved source material, then review for accuracy and tone.

Instructional Design

Summative Assessment

Plain meaningA final check that helps decide whether someone has met the standard for a learning objective, task, or requirement.

Where it shows upA program needs a pass/fail decision, certification, completion standard, or readiness check.

What to inspectLook for whether the final check matches the task people must perform and whether the evidence is credible enough for the decision.

Try first

Compare the final assessment to the real task. If they do not match, adjust the assessment or lower the claim.

Office or Workspace

Use Forms, Excel, Sheets, or LMS quiz exports to separate completion, score, attempts, and evidence limits.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to review whether assessment items match the stated task and objective, then validate with a human reviewer.

Instructional Design

WCAG

Plain meaningWeb Content Accessibility Guidelines, a set of standards used to make digital content more accessible to people with disabilities.

Where it shows upThe team is creating learner-facing content, PDFs, videos, eLearning, job aids, knowledge articles, or web pages.

What to inspectLook for headings, color contrast, keyboard access, captions, transcripts, alt text, labels, reading order, and meaningful links.

Try first

Check one asset for headings, contrast, alt text, and captions before publishing.

Office or Workspace

Use accessibility checkers in Word, PowerPoint, Google Docs, Slides, or your authoring tool, then manually review what the checker misses.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to review copy for plain language and possible accessibility issues, but do not treat AI as an accessibility audit.

Instructional Design

UDL

Plain meaningUniversal Design for Learning, a design approach that gives learners multiple ways to access content, engage with it, and show what they know.

Where it shows upA learning experience depends too much on one format, one pace, or one way to demonstrate understanding.

What to inspectLook for where learners can access the material, practice the task, get support, and demonstrate performance in more than one reasonable way.

Try first

Add one alternate support path, such as a transcript, checklist, worked example, or job aid.

Office or Workspace

Use Docs, Word, Slides, PowerPoint, Forms, or LMS resources to offer a text version, visual version, practice version, and point-of-work aid.

AI-assisted

Ask AI for alternate ways to present or practice the same task, then check for accuracy, accessibility, and learner fit.

Learning Technology

The tools, platforms, standards, and integrations that help learning teams deliver, manage, track, and maintain support.

Learning Technology

Authoring Tool

Plain meaningA tool used to create learning content, such as eLearning modules, videos, job aids, assessments, simulations, or interactive practice.

Where it shows upThe team is deciding how to build an asset and needs to match the tool to the learning job, maintenance need, accessibility need, and publishing path.

What to inspectLook for output format, accessibility support, review workflow, LMS compatibility, update burden, translation needs, and who can maintain the asset later.

Try first

Choose the simplest tool that can support the task, review standard, and maintenance need.

Office or Workspace

Compare tool options in a simple table with columns for output, owner, review, accessibility, LMS fit, and maintenance.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft tool-selection questions, then test the actual tool behavior before making a platform decision.

Learning Technology

Learning Management System

Plain meaningA platform used to assign, host, track, report on, and manage learning activity. Most teams call it an LMS.

Where it shows upThe team needs to manage required training, onboarding paths, content access, completion records, reports, or learner assignments.

What to inspectLook for audience rules, reporting needs, catalog structure, permissions, integrations, content formats, admin ownership, and maintenance burden.

Try first

Before changing the platform, write the decision the LMS needs to support.

Office or Workspace

Use a decision log or requirements table to separate platform needs from nice-to-have features.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to turn messy LMS requests into governance, reporting, content, permission, and integration questions.

Learning Technology

Learning Technology

Plain meaningThe tools and platforms used to create, deliver, manage, track, support, and improve learning work.

Where it shows upThe team is choosing or fixing tools such as an LMS, LXP, authoring tool, content library, survey tool, knowledge base, AI tool, or reporting system.

What to inspectLook for the job the tool needs to do, admin burden, integrations, data quality, accessibility, governance, reporting, and maintenance.

Try first

Write the workflow the tool needs to support before comparing features.

Office or Workspace

Use a requirements table with must-have, nice-to-have, owner, risk, and evidence columns.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to turn a list of tool complaints into workflow, governance, data, and reporting requirements.

Learning Technology

LXP

Plain meaningA learning experience platform. In plain terms, it is usually a platform focused on discovery, recommendations, playlists, and learner experience.

Where it shows upThe team wants people to find learning more easily, browse content, follow skill paths, or get recommendations.

What to inspectLook for content quality, search needs, taxonomy, data quality, integrations, governance, and whether people need discovery or required assignment.

Try first

Decide whether the problem is discovery, assignment, reporting, content quality, or governance before comparing platforms.

Office or Workspace

Create a comparison table for LMS needs, LXP needs, content needs, and reporting needs.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to sort platform requirements into assignment, discovery, reporting, content, integration, and governance categories.

Learning Technology

SCORM

Plain meaningA common eLearning package format that lets a course launch in an LMS and report basic data such as completion, score, and time. The versions most L&D teams hear about are SCORM 1.2 and SCORM 2004.

Where it shows upThe team needs an authoring tool course to run inside an LMS and send tracking data back.

What to inspectLook for which SCORM version the LMS supports, which version the authoring tool publishes, what the LMS can track, whether the package works on mobile, and whether completion data is enough for the decision.

Try first

Ask what data you actually need before assuming a SCORM package solves the reporting problem. SCORM is common, but it is usually basic.

Office or Workspace

Keep a simple test checklist for launch, completion, score, resume behavior, and mobile behavior.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft a SCORM test checklist for your LMS, but test the package yourself in the real platform.

Learning Technology

xAPI

Plain meaningA next-generation learning data standard that can capture learning and performance activity beyond simple LMS completion. It is powerful, but many learning systems still do not support it cleanly across the whole workflow.

Where it shows upThe team wants to track practice, simulations, tools, systems, or experiences that do not fit neatly into ordinary LMS completion tracking.

What to inspectLook for what activity matters, whether the LMS, LRS, authoring tool, and reporting tools support xAPI, where the data will go, who owns the data, and whether simpler evidence would be enough.

Try first

Write the decision the data needs to support before choosing xAPI. If the platform support is weak, a simpler measurement plan may be more useful.

Office or Workspace

Map the activity, source, owner, and decision in a simple table before involving technical teams.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to translate the measurement goal into plain-language activity statements, then review them with the learning tech owner.

Learning Technology

cmi5

Plain meaningA modern eLearning launch and tracking specification that combines parts of LMS course launch with xAPI-style activity data.

Where it shows upA team needs more structured launch and tracking than older eLearning packages can provide, but still needs LMS-like assignment and launch behavior.

What to inspectLook for LMS support, authoring tool support, reporting needs, test effort, and whether the team can maintain the setup.

Try first

Confirm whether your LMS and authoring tool actually support cmi5 before planning around it.

Office or Workspace

Use a platform testing checklist with support, launch, tracking, reporting, and admin ownership columns.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft plain-language questions for the LMS vendor or admin team, then verify the answers in product documentation or testing.

Learning Technology

Learning Record Store

Plain meaningA system that stores xAPI learning activity records so they can be reported on or connected with other data.

Where it shows upA team wants learning activity data beyond what the LMS normally stores.

What to inspectLook for xAPI support, data ownership, reporting needs, privacy rules, integrations, and who will maintain the store.

Try first

Confirm the decision the data needs to support before adding another tracking system.

Office or Workspace

Map source, activity, owner, data destination, report need, and maintenance owner in a simple table.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft questions for the LMS, LRS, or analytics owner, then verify answers in documentation and testing.

Learning Technology

LTI

Plain meaningLearning Tools Interoperability, a standard that helps learning platforms connect to external tools with a more consistent launch and data exchange pattern.

Where it shows upThe team wants an LMS or learning platform to launch an outside tool without creating a completely separate learner experience.

What to inspectLook for tool support, LMS support, learner launch path, data shared, privacy review, support owner, and reporting limits.

Try first

Ask what learner problem the integration solves before treating LTI as the solution.

Office or Workspace

Use a decision log to capture tool, owner, data shared, launch path, support model, and reporting limits.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft a plain-language vendor question list, then confirm every technical answer with the platform owner.

Learning Technology

SSO

Plain meaningSingle sign-on, a way for people to access a learning system using their workplace identity instead of another separate login.

Where it shows upLearners need easier access, admins need cleaner identity management, or a platform is being implemented or migrated.

What to inspectLook for user source, groups, roles, permissions, login behavior, exceptions, and who owns identity changes.

Try first

Write the learner access path and the admin ownership path before implementation begins.

Office or Workspace

Track SSO decisions in a shared implementation checklist with owner, status, risk, and test user columns.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to create a non-technical SSO testing checklist, then validate it with IT or the platform owner.

Learning Technology

HRIS

Plain meaningA human resources information system that usually holds employee, role, manager, location, and organization data.

Where it shows upLearning assignments, audiences, reports, onboarding, or role paths depend on employee data.

What to inspectLook for which fields feed learning systems, how often they update, who owns corrections, and what happens when data is missing or wrong.

Try first

List the HRIS fields your learning workflow depends on and who owns each field.

Office or Workspace

Use a simple data dictionary in Sheets, Excel, or Lists to track field name, source, owner, use, and risk.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft questions about audience rules and data dependencies, then confirm with HRIS, IT, or people operations owners.

Learning Technology

API

Plain meaningA way for systems to exchange data or trigger actions. For L&D teams, APIs usually matter when tools need to share users, assignments, completions, content, or reports.

Where it shows upA team wants systems to connect automatically instead of exporting and importing files by hand.

What to inspectLook for the data source, destination, owner, field mapping, security review, error handling, and maintenance owner.

Try first

Name the exact data that needs to move before asking for an integration.

Office or Workspace

Use a data mapping table with source field, destination field, owner, refresh timing, and error notes.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to turn a plain-language workflow into integration questions for IT, then verify the technical answer with the platform team.

Learning Technology

Data Dictionary

Plain meaningA shared reference that explains what fields mean, where they come from, who owns them, and how they should be used.

Where it shows upReports do not match, teams define fields differently, or platform data is hard to trust.

What to inspectLook for field names, definitions, source system, owner, update timing, allowed values, and known limits.

Try first

Define five fields that show up in repeated reports or LMS decisions.

Office or Workspace

Use Excel, Sheets, Lists, or SharePoint to maintain field name, meaning, source, owner, and use notes.

AI-assisted

Ask AI to draft plain-language field definitions from existing report notes, then have the data owner validate them.

Move from the word to the work.

Use Start Here if the problem is still fuzzy, Topics if you know the system layer, Templates if you need an artifact, and Examples if you need to see the before-and-after shift.